Over the past year, Italy recorded only around 370,000 births— the lowest number since the nation was unified in 1861. Demographers warn that this trend is not a temporary fluctuation but part of a long-term decline driven by multiple social and economic factors. Young Italians are delaying parenthood due to job insecurity, high living costs, and limited support for working families. At the same time, the number of women of childbearing age continues to shrink, a consequence of low birth rates that began decades ago. The consequences of this demographic shift are already visible. Many smaller towns are experiencing depopulation, schools are closing due to lack of students, and the gap between births and deaths continues to widen. As Italy’s population grows older, the pressure on the healthcare system, pension funds, and the national workforce is expected to intensify. Economists warn that without substantial policy reforms — including family support, childcare accessibility, and incentives for young parents — Italy may face a long-term decline in economic productivity and social stability. Some experts argue that immigration will also need to play a larger role in maintaining population balance. Italy’s demographic crisis is no longer a distant prediction. It is a present reality, unfolding year by year. The challenge now is whether the nation can implement effective solutions before the decline becomes irreversible.