said the operations aimed to restore stability and protect critical infrastructure, though humanitarian groups warned of displacement and civilian risks. In the Sahel region, security conditions remained fragile as governments balanced counterterrorism efforts with political transitions and strained public finances. Countries including Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger continued to face persistent security threats while managing the economic impact of sanctions, reduced foreign aid, and declining investor confidence. East Africa also saw heightened security concerns. In Somalia, government forces, supported by regional partners, sustained operations against extremist groups, while Kenya reported increased border patrols following isolated security incidents. Meanwhile, conflict-related instability persisted in parts of South Sudan, complicating peace implementation efforts and humanitarian access. Alongside security challenges, economic pressures remained a dominant issue across the continent. Several African economies faced rising inflation, currency volatility, and higher debt-servicing costs, driven in part by global interest rate conditions and elevated food and energy prices. Governments responded with a mix of subsidy reforms, budget adjustments, and negotiations with international lenders. In Southern Africa, Malawi and Zambia continued to manage the impact of fuel price increases and fiscal consolidation measures, while Ghana and Egypt pursued economic reforms tied to international financing programs. Authorities emphasized the need to stabilize public finances while mitigating the social impact on vulnerable populations. Despite these pressures, some countries reported signs of resilience. Increased commodity exports supported revenues in resource-rich economies, while regional trade initiatives under the African Continental Free Trade Area showed gradual progress, according to trade officials. Analysts said the intersection of security and economic challenges underscores the complexity facing African governments. “Security risks and economic stress are reinforcing each other,” said one regional policy analyst. “Limited fiscal space can constrain security responses, while instability discourages investment and growth.” International partners have called for coordinated approaches that combine security assistance, economic reform, and development support. Humanitarian agencies also urged sustained attention to displacement, food insecurity, and access to basic services in conflict-affected areas. As Africa enters the new year, policymakers face the task of balancing immediate security priorities with longer-term economic recovery. Observers say progress will depend on political stability, regional cooperation, and the ability of governments to implement reforms while maintaining public trust. Source: World Bank